Words For The Song Jerusalem

Delving into the Words of Jerusalem: A Lyrical and Historical Exploration

The words of William Blake's "And did those feet in ancient time," better known as Jerusalem, resonate deeply within the British cultural consciousness. More than just a hymn, it's a potent symbol of English identity, sparking debate and inspiring awe in equal measure. Understanding the power of this song requires a deeper dive into Blake's original text, its historical context, and the various interpretations it has fostered over time. This article will explore the lyrics, their meaning, and the enduring legacy of this iconic piece.

Understanding Blake's Vision: A Deep Dive into the Lyrics

The poem, found in Blake's Milton: A Poem in Two Books (1804), isn't a straightforward celebration of England. Instead, it presents a complex and arguably ambivalent vision of the nation's past, present, and potential future. Let's examine the verses line by line to unravel its layers of meaning:

Verse 1:

And did those feet in ancient time, Walk upon England's mountains green: And was the holy Lamb of God, On England's pleasant pastures seen!

This opening immediately establishes the poem's central question: did Jesus Christ himself visit England? The imagery is strikingly evocative – the "mountains green" and "pleasant pastures" painting a picture of idyllic, unspoiled England. However, the question itself is presented with a subtle ambiguity. It's not a statement of fact, but rather a provocative inquiry, setting the stage for the poem's subsequent exploration of England's spiritual identity. The "holy Lamb of God" refers directly to Jesus, linking his potential presence to the very landscape of England.

Verse 2:

And did the Countenance Divine, Shine forth upon our clouded hills? And was Jerusalem builded here, Among these dark Satanic Mills?

The second verse intensifies the questioning. "Countenance Divine" suggests a manifestation of God's presence, contrasting sharply with "clouded hills" and "dark Satanic Mills." This imagery introduces a crucial duality: the potential for spiritual glory juxtaposed against the harsh realities of industrial England. The "dark Satanic Mills" are a powerful symbol of the Industrial Revolution, representing both the material progress and the social and environmental costs associated with it. The question of whether "Jerusalem" – a symbol of heavenly peace and harmony – was truly "builded here" amidst such darkness forms the crux of the poem's central conflict.

Verse 3:

Bring me my Bow of burning gold: Bring me my Arrows of desire: Bring me my Spear: O clouds unfold: Bring me my Chariot of fire!

This verse shifts from questioning to active yearning. The speaker calls for the tools of spiritual warfare: a "bow of burning gold," "arrows of desire," and a "spear." These are not weapons of physical violence but symbols of spiritual zeal and the determination to overcome the "dark Satanic Mills." The "chariot of fire" evokes prophetic imagery, suggesting a transcendent journey towards a better future. This section highlights the speaker's passionate desire to transform England, to fight against the forces that impede its spiritual potential.

Verse 4:

I will not cease from Mental Fight, Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand: Till we have built Jerusalem, In England's green and pleasant Land.

This final verse brings the poem to a powerful conclusion. The speaker vows to engage in relentless "Mental Fight," a continuous struggle to overcome the forces of darkness and build a better society. The "Sword" represents intellectual and spiritual commitment, not physical conflict. The poem ends with a renewed hope – the promise of building "Jerusalem" in England. The focus shifts from questioning to determined action, underscoring the ongoing struggle to realize a vision of spiritual and social renewal.

Historical Context and Interpretations

Blake's poem emerged during a period of significant social and political upheaval in England. The Industrial Revolution was transforming the landscape, creating both unprecedented wealth and widespread poverty. Social inequalities were stark, and the rapid urbanization led to overcrowded cities and environmental degradation. Blake's "dark Satanic Mills" are not simply a picturesque description; they're a direct critique of the dehumanizing effects of industrialization.

The poem's ambiguity allows for multiple interpretations. Some see it as a purely religious prophecy, anticipating the establishment of a utopian society based on Christian principles. Others view it as a secular call for social justice, advocating for a more equitable and compassionate England. The poem's lasting power lies in its capacity to resonate with various interpretations, adapting to the shifting socio-political landscape.

Jerusalem's Musical Journey: From Hymn to National Anthem

While Blake's poem stood relatively obscure for decades, its transformation into a popular song cemented its place in British culture. Ralph Vaughan Williams set the words to music in 1916, creating a majestic choral work that elevated the poem's emotional impact. Vaughan Williams's adaptation, often simply referred to as Jerusalem, became widely embraced, further solidifying its association with English national identity.

However, the adoption of Jerusalem as a quasi-national anthem isn't without controversy. Some critics argue that its focus on England is exclusionary, neglecting the contributions of other nations and cultures within the United Kingdom. Others question the appropriateness of using a poem with ambiguous religious themes as a symbol of national unity. The debate surrounding Jerusalem's place within British culture demonstrates the continuing relevance and powerful impact of Blake's original words.

The Enduring Legacy: A Symbol of Hope and Renewal

Despite the controversies, Jerusalem continues to hold a significant place in British culture. Its enduring appeal lies in its ability to evoke a sense of hope and a yearning for a better future. The powerful imagery, coupled with Vaughan Williams's evocative music, creates a deeply moving experience that transcends specific interpretations.

The song's continued usage at significant events, including sporting occasions and national celebrations, highlights its enduring symbolic power. It serves as a reminder of both the challenges and the potential of the nation, prompting reflection on the ongoing struggle to build a more just and equitable society – a "Jerusalem" in the truest sense of the word.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: Who wrote the words to Jerusalem?

A: The words were written by William Blake in his poem "And did those feet in ancient time," found in Milton: A Poem in Two Books.

Q: Who composed the music for the popular version of Jerusalem?

A: Ralph Vaughan Williams composed the music that is widely recognized as Jerusalem.

Q: What is the significance of the "dark Satanic Mills" in the poem?

A: The "dark Satanic Mills" symbolize the negative aspects of the Industrial Revolution, representing the social and environmental costs of industrial progress and the dehumanizing conditions faced by many workers.

Q: Is Jerusalem the official national anthem of England or the UK?

A: God Save the King (God Save the Queen) remains the official national anthem of the United Kingdom. Jerusalem holds a significant cultural position but lacks official national anthem status.

Q: What are the different interpretations of Jerusalem?

A: Interpretations range from a strictly religious prophecy of a utopian Christian society to a secular call for social justice and the creation of a more equitable and compassionate society. Its ambiguity allows for various readings.

Q: Why is Jerusalem still relevant today?

A: Jerusalem's relevance stems from its enduring message of hope, its powerful imagery, and its ability to provoke reflection on the ongoing pursuit of a better society, a pursuit that resonates across different historical periods and social contexts. Its use of evocative language and powerful symbolism remains resonant even in the modern era.

Conclusion: A Timeless Call to Action

The words of Jerusalem continue to inspire and provoke debate. They are not simply a historical artifact but a living testament to the enduring human desire for social justice and spiritual renewal. Blake's poem, elevated by Vaughan Williams's musical genius, remains a potent symbol, prompting us to consider our own roles in building a more just and harmonious world – a modern "Jerusalem" built not just on English soil, but on the shared aspirations of humanity. Understanding the historical and lyrical context deepens our appreciation of this powerful piece of art and allows us to engage more fully with its enduring legacy.